1. INTRODUCTION

Preview, 1

1.1. The Need to Communicate - History, 2

1.2. The Environment, 3

1.3. Types of Signals, 15

    1.3.1. Analog Continuous, 15

    1.3.2. Analog Sampled, 16

    1.3.3. Digital Signal, 16

1.4. Elements of a Communication System, 17

1.5. Sampling, 19

    1.5.1. Errors in Sampling, 27

1.6. A/D and D/A Conversion, 34

    1.6.1. Quantizers, 37

1.7. Shannon's Channel Capacity Theorem, 49

Problems, 56

Preview, 62

2.1. Analog Baseband, 63

2.2. Discrete Baseband, 64

    2.2.1. Pulse Amplitude Modulation, 64

    2.2.2. Time Division Multiplexing, 69

    2.2.3. Intersymbol Interference and Crosstalk, 73

    2.2.4. Pulse Width Modulation, 77

    2.2.5. Pulse Position Modulation, 81

2.3. Digital Baseband, 82

    2.3.1. Signal Formats, 82

    2.3.2. Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), 95

    2.3.3. M-ary Baseband, 104

    2.3.4. Time Division Multiplexing, 105

    2.3.5. Delta Modulation, 106

    2.3.6. Other A/D Conversion Techniques, 111

2.4. Receivers, 115

    2.4.1. Analog Baseband Reception, 116

    2.4.2. Discrete Baseband Reception, 116

    2.4.3. Digital Baseband Reception, 118

    2.4.4 Intersymbol Interference Revisited, 138

2.5. Performance, 145

    2.5.1. Analog Baseband, 145

    2.5.2. Discrete Baseband, 149

    2.5.3. Digital Baseband, 152

2.6 Applications, 187

    2.6.1. Telephone - Local Loop, 187

    2.6.2. Closed-Circuit Television, 188

    2.6.3. Digital Recording - CDs, 194

Problems, 198

Preview, 214

3.1. Concept of Modulation, 215

3.2. Amplitude Modulation, 217

    3.2.1. Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier, 217

    3.2.2. Double Sideband Transmitted Carrier, 223

    3.2.3. Single Sideband, 230

    3.2.4. Vestigial Sideband (VSB), 231

    3.2.5. ASK and MASK, 233

3.3. Modulators, 236

    3.3.1. Double Sideband, 236

    3.3.2. Single Sideband Modulators, 247

    3.3.3. Vestigial Sideband (VSB), 250

    3.3.4. Digital ASK Modulators, 251

3.4. Demodulators, 253

    3.4.1. Coherent Demodulation, 253

    3.4.2. Carrier Recovery in AMTC, 264

    3.4.3. Incoherent Demodulation, 266

    3.4.4. IC Modulators and Demodulators, 275

3.5. Performance, 276

3.5.1. Coherent Detection, 277

3.5.2. Incoherent Detection, 288

3.6. Design Considerations, 295

    3.6.1. Analog Design Tradeoffs, 296

    3.6.2. Digital Design Tradeoffs, 297

    3.6.3. Digital Communication Design Requirements, 299

3.7. Applications, 302

    3.7.1. Broadcast AM, 302

    3.7.2. Television, 307

    3.7.3. Cellular Telephone, 310

Problems, 313

Preview, 327

4.1. Frequency Modulation, 328

    4.1.1. Instantaneous Frequency, 328

    4.1.2. Narrowband FM, 330

    4.1.3. Wideband FM, 335

    4.1.4. Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), 346

    4.1.5. MFSK, 349

4.2. Modulators, 350

    4.2.1. Analog Modulators, 350

    4.2.2. Digital (FSK) Modulators, 354

4.3. Demodulators, 356

    4.3.1. Analog Demodulators, 356

    4.3.2. Digital Demodulators, 367

4.4. Performance, 369

    4.4.1. Analog, 369

    4.4.2. Digital, 378

4.5. Applications, 387

    4.5.1. Broadcast FM and FM Stereo, 387

    4.5.2. MODEMS, 391

    4.5.3. Dual-Tone Multifrequency (DTMF) Dialing, 394

Problems, 395

Preview, 404

5.1. Analog Phase Modulation, 404

    5.1.1. Narrowband PM, 405

    5.1.2. Wideband PM, 407

5.2. Digital Phase Modulation, 412

    5.2.1. PSK, 412

    5.2.2. MPSK, 417

    5.2.3. DPSK, 421

5.3. Modulators, 422

    5.3.1. Analog, 422

    5.3.2. Digital, 424

5.4. Demodulators, 426

    5.4.1. Analog, 426

    5.4.2. Digital, 426

5.5. Performance, 434

    5.5.1. Analog, 434

    5.5.2. Digital, 438

5.6. Applications, 446    

    5.6.1. MODEMS, 446

Problems, 448

Preview, 455

6.1. Analog, 455

    6.1.1. QAM, 455

    6.1.2. AM Stereo, 458

6.2. Digital, 463

    6.2.1. Design Tradeoffs, 463

    6.2.2. QAM, 464

6.3. MODEMS, 469

Problems, 470

A.1. Fourier Series, 471

A.2. The Fourier Transform, 474

A.3. Singularity Functions, 477

A.4. Convolution, 482

A.4.1. Parseval’s Theorem, 485

A.5. Properties of the Fourier Transform, 486

A.5.1. Real/Imaginary-Even/Odd, 486

A.5.2. Time Shift, 487

A.5.3. Frequency Shift, 488

A.5.4. Linearity, 488

A.5.5. Modulation Theorem, 488

A.6. Periodic Functions, 489

B.1. The System Function, 493

B.2. Filters, 496

B.2.1. Ideal Lowpass Filter, 497

B.2.2. Ideal Bandpass filter, 499

B.3. Practical Filters, 501

B.3.1. Lowpass Filter, 501

B.3.2. Bandpass Filter, 506

B.4. Active Filters, 508

B.5. Time Bandwidth Product, 510

C.1. Basic Elements of Probability Theory, 514

C.1.1. Probability, 514

C.1.2. Conditional Probabilities, 516

C.1.3. Random Variables, 518

C.1.4. Probability Density Function, 520

C.1.5. Expected Values, 522

C.1.6. Function of a Random Variable, 525

C.2. Frequently Encountered Density Functions, 528

C.2.1. Gaussian Random Variables, 528

C.2.2. Rayleigh Density Function, 533

C.2.3. Exponential Random Variables, 535

C.2.4. The Ricean Density Function, 535

C.3. Random Processes, 536

C.4. White Noise, 546

C.5. Narrowband Noise, 547

C.6. Matched Filter, 553

APPENDIX D: TABLE OF FOURIER TRANSFORMS, 559

APPENDIX E: Q FUNCTION AND ERROR FUNCTION, 561

APPENDIX F: SIMULATION SOFTWARE, 564

APPENDIX G: REFERENCES, 566